The city of Lisbon, Portugal was conquered by Berber and Arabic Muslim forces in the year 711. The Christians in the city were allowed to maintain their religion, but were considered second class citizens. In 1108 crusading forces led by led by Sigurd I of Norway retook the city and it returned to Christian rule. Most of the Muslims fled the city or were force to convert to Catholicism. Many of the Islamic mosques were made into Catholic churches....some which survive today.
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